Infinity in a Moment :: English Literature Essays

Infinity in a MomentDear Mel, Ive fin in ally come to a conclusionthe starting in my life I think. Im in love. What an annoying nothingthe word love. Undermined after years of unrepresented use and manipulative thought. Contemporary teens, playing with matches to start a fire that will only burn down their own foundations of security and ontology. Its a card trick to them, after all theyre immortal, apprehensions are as pointless as relationships. Throwing around promises that should tear the doors of heaven apart revealing metaphors incapable of description, but instead suffocates in a beer glass. Love use to mean something. It still does for me, but for others its a cryptic dialogue, disguised for the mere purpose of placation. To reach that level of appeasement, to get her into your room or to that party or into that pathetic dream that was summoned from the filth of petulant, diseased weakness. Riches used to buy money less valuable. Absurd reality that tortures its puppets. I ts a momentary high that you inhale when unhappiness overcomes boredom I think I love that girl over there, as he waterfall from the pinnacle of a drunken revelation. What does he think? Jesus Christ, what happened to that inexplicable emotion that could jump into a pregnant pool of chaos and bear consent? Im just rambling of course, because who wants to be told that their life is extravagant without love? Or can infinity truly reside inside a moments establishment?The only light in breath becomes that crystal that reflects the only happiness. Pretty rock. The reason to brush your teeth, build materialism in a gym, make the field goal to win an A paper. So if she flies higher to a bird with brighter feathers do mine wither outside(a)? Our constructed bridge of self-image that chiseled a connection in her heart is burned, buried, and consumed by the soiling footsteps of the mass. Is my purpose forgotten, a blaring cacophony of everything worth living for promptly reduced to a mere whisper carried by a struggling wind? Life is so fickle. The purest form of logic in a housecoat of recycled tears. Smile. Click. Flash. Infinity in a moment impossible? Not when lost in her eyes. Oceans of polished perfection, dreams radiating in a sunset. Redundant? Or mayhap the point is still overlooked. Lips against cold glass only create steam until the reflection melts into my own and I feel for the first time the embrace of foretell fulfillment an ecstasy of climax in literature.

Abuse :: essays research papers

The study of interobserver reliability tested the level of agreement among youngster welfare workers on the presence or absence of emotional call and several other forms of neglect and child abuse. Contrary to expectations, soaring levels of accurate identification and agreement was attained. careless(predicate) of the high level of interobserver reliability, the validity of the notion is questioned. Training for the sample used in the study is evidently effective.Interobserver reliability is one of the dominant let gos facing child protective receipts workers. Its importance escalates as the signs of the neglect or abuse become more abstract and less obvious. The main concern of interobserver reliability is if fivefold observers concur on the presence or absence of a particular happening. The level of agreement will be overwhelmingly affected by the hydrofoil of the definitions of abuse and neglect and the extent to which staff are trained in their application. At least one other study raised concerns about this issue because it applies to various aspects of child protective services information processing and definition. A national organization has been formed to fight false accusations called VOCAL (Victims of Child maltreat Laws).In the early phases of the child protective services movement, physical abuse was their main concern. Decades later other types of abuse with unclear indicators have come to prominence, such(prenominal) as emotional abuse and neglect. Emotional abuse and neglect are abstract concepts and provide the basis for concern as to whether child protective service workers can always identify them with given common information, especially when they are among other forms of abuse and neglect. There are problems in defining emotional abuse and neglect, just as there are problems in defining any type of child maltreatment. The definition of child maltreatment should include only ill harmful behaviors and outcomes. Protective policies and systems should be utilized only to enforce societal sanctions, not to enforce ideal standards of care giving.Psychological maltreatment of children and youth consists of acts of remissness and commission, which are judge on the basis of a combination of community standards and professional expertise to be psychologically damaging. Individuals commit such acts, singly or collectively, who by their characteristics (knowledge, status, or organizational form) are in a position of differential power that renders a child s vulnerability. Such acts damage presently or ultimately the behavioral, cognitive, affective, or physical functioning of the child.

Negotiation and Decision Making: A Professional and Personal View Essay

Negotiation and decision-making offers you a powerful new perspective, a specialise language and a set of tools that you can use to address the most mulish problems in your everyday life and snuff it. Negotiation and decision-making is a way of ground reality that emphasizes the relationships among a systems parts, or else than the parts themselves. This is based on a battleground of study known as system dynamics. Negotiation and decision-making has been defined as an approach to problem solving, by viewing problems as part of an overall system, rather than reacting to specific parts, outcomes or events and potentially contributing to further development of unwitting consequences. The rationale behind negotiation and decision-making is minute to an organizational survival. Why is Negotiation and decision-making critical? It can assist you in designing smart and enduring solutions to problems. In its simplest sense, negotiation and decision-making gives you a more accurate pi cture of reality, so that you can work with a systems natural forces in order to achieve the results you desire. It also encourages you to depend about problems and solutions with an eye toward the long view. For example, how might a particular solution youre considering romp out over the long run? What unintended consequences might it ask? Negotiation and decision-making is founded on some basic universal principles that you will begin to break in all areas of life once you learn to recognize your rising issues. Here are a few questions that can be considered when attempting to solve a problem. What is the underlying problem? Is the issue interacting, interrelated, and interdependent component that forms a multiform and unified whole. Many... ...whole for the results of our future and to get it, we need to think differently, manage differently, and organize differently. at one time large number accept that a homogeneous change can appropriate new opportunities an d possibilities, the change is well on its way to successful implementation. The ability to run into an uniformed decision can create stronger values both professionally and personally for this is crucial in an increasingly turbulent world. Therefore, negotiation and decision-making will give out critical for survival. Works CitedScott, C. & Jaffe, D. (1995). Managing Change at Work Leading people through.Menlo Park, CA Crisp Publications.Randers, J. (1980). Guidelines for Model Conceptualization in Elements of the SystemDynamics Method. J. Randers, ed. pp. 117-139. Waltham, MA PegasusCommunications.(Randers, 1980). (Scott & Jaffe, 1995). Negotiation and Decision Making A Professional and Personal chance EssayNegotiation and decision-making offers you a powerful new perspective, a specialized language and a set of tools that you can use to address the most stubborn problems in your everyday life and work. Negotiation and decision-making is a way of understanding r eality that emphasizes the relationships among a systems parts, rather than the parts themselves. This is based on a field of study known as system dynamics. Negotiation and decision-making has been defined as an approach to problem solving, by viewing problems as part of an overall system, rather than reacting to specific parts, outcomes or events and potentially contributing to further development of unintended consequences. The rationale behind negotiation and decision-making is critical to an organizational survival. Why is Negotiation and decision-making critical? It can assist you in designing smart and enduring solutions to problems. In its simplest sense, negotiation and decision-making gives you a more accurate picture of reality, so that you can work with a systems natural forces in order to achieve the results you desire. It also encourages you to think about problems and solutions with an eye toward the long view. For example, how might a particular solution youre consid ering play out over the long run? What unintended consequences might it have? Negotiation and decision-making is founded on some basic universal principles that you will begin to detect in all areas of life once you learn to recognize your emergent issues. Here are a few questions that can be considered when attempting to solve a problem. What is the underlying problem? Is the issue interacting, interrelated, and interdependent component that forms a complex and unified whole. Many... ...whole for the results of our future and to get it, we need to think differently, manage differently, and organize differently. Once people accept that a homogeneous change can provide new opportunities and possibilities, the change is well on its way to successful implementation. The ability to reach an uniformed decision can create stronger values both professionally and personally for this is crucial in an increasingly turbulent world. Therefore, negotiation and decision-making will beco me critical for survival. Works CitedScott, C. & Jaffe, D. (1995). Managing Change at Work Leading people through.Menlo Park, CA Crisp Publications.Randers, J. (1980). Guidelines for Model Conceptualization in Elements of the SystemDynamics Method. J. Randers, ed. pp. 117-139. Waltham, MA PegasusCommunications.(Randers, 1980). (Scott & Jaffe, 1995).

The Dark Room :: essays research papers

The Book                    Name The Dark Room                         Author R. K. Narayan                          Number of Pages 214                         Publisher University of Chicago Press                          Date of Publication January 1981 salmagundi               FictionSummary In the quiet town of Malgudi, in the 1930s, on that point lived Savitri and her husband, Ramani. They lived with their three children, Babu, Kamala, and Sumat i. Savitri was raised with certain traditional values that came into internal conflict when she took Ramani, a modern executive, as her husband. Savitri has endured a lot of humiliations from her temperamental husband and she always puts up with his many tantrums. To find solace and escapism, she takes refuge in the dark room, a musty, unlit, storeroom in the house. But when Ramani takes on a beautiful new employer, Savitri finds out that her husband has more than a professional interest in the woman. So, at first, she tries to retreat to her dark room. But she realises that hiding in there wont help. So she tries to leave the house. She stayed with a friend in another village. But after staying there for some time, she cant help but think of her husband and their children. What would happen to them? After doing a lot of thinking, she finally decides to go back home. In the end, Ramani has finally stop seeing Shanta Bai, the other woman, and I guess you could say its a happy ending. Its now up to you to go and guess the rest. Savitri is very much real. She is basically instead like most people. They treat problems like that. They find ways to escape it. Like booze, drugs, suicide, etc. In Servitors case, she stays in the dark room, and finally, leaves her family. As I was reading "The Dark Room, I felt compassion towards Savitri. I can clearly see that she was a confused woman. It was depicted through and through the first part of the story wherein her son was ill and she told Babu, her son, not to go to school that day. But Ramani intruded upon them and said that Babu has to go to school and that his illness is merely a headache. Savitri didnt know what to do then. She was concerned for Babus health, but at the same time, she didnt want to argue with Ramani. In the end, Babu had gone absent to school. As for Ramani, I felt like shouting at him while reading the novel because of his bullying.

Primary Health Care Essay -- Health, Policies, Regulations

Part APrimary wellness cautiousness evolves from the economic, cultural, social, and political conditions of a country, and it is expound as an essential part of wellness c ar that is universally provided to individuals in a biotic community at the countrys and communitys expense (World health Organisation WHO, 1978). The goal of original health cathexis is to address the main local health problems, but it involves community education well-nigh these problems in rundown to providing distemper treatments (WHO, 1978). Furthermore, simple health deal is concerned with nutrition promotion, sanitation standards, family planning, immunisation, affection get wind and prevention, and it promotes and relies on community and individual participation in primary health fretting functions (WHO, 1978). creation health is concerned with policies and interventions that result in positive health outcomes within a community and further distribution of these outcomes among the individua ls of the community (Kindig and Stoddart, 2003). Primary health care and cosmos health overlap and complement each new(prenominal) because primary health care builds the fundamental infrastructure of the subject health care brass (WHO, 1978), so new(prenominal) aspects of national health care are built upon the principles, organisation, and functions defined in the countrys primary health care policies and regulations. For example, primary care is provided to individuals, and population health is concerned with community health. However, population health depends on proper individual care because individuals with potentially communicable disease raft be a threat to public health, so population health can plan its interventions in the community based on deduction collected from primary health observations... ...r intervention accordingly.Item 6. Finally, the issue of an influenza pandemic moldiness be addressed by agencies and organisations other than health care providers, s o the occupational health nurse in the role of the educator will make known and counsel boarder controls, travel agencies, and all international organisations about proper rules and regulations in this patch because entering and leaving Australia during a pandemic should not be allowed without proper vaccination. Although quarantines have proven ineffective against flu pandemics in the past, and a 90% wrinkle travel restriction can delay the pandemic by no more than two weeks (GlobalSecurity.org, 2011b), making vaccination compulsory for travellers should not be lose because it can both slow down the progress of the disease within the Australian community and prevent spreading it to other communities. Primary Health caution Essay -- Health, Policies, RegulationsPart APrimary health care evolves from the economic, cultural, social, and political conditions of a country, and it is described as an essential part of health care that is universally provided to indiv iduals in a community at the countrys and communitys expense (World Health Organisation WHO, 1978). The goal of primary health care is to address the main local health problems, but it involves community education about these problems in addition to providing disease treatments (WHO, 1978). Furthermore, primary health care is concerned with nutrition promotion, sanitation standards, family planning, immunisation, disease control and prevention, and it promotes and relies on community and individual participation in primary health care functions (WHO, 1978).Population health is concerned with policies and interventions that result in positive health outcomes within a community and further distribution of these outcomes among the individuals of the community (Kindig and Stoddart, 2003). Primary health care and population health overlap and complement each other because primary health care builds the fundamental infrastructure of the national health care system (WHO, 1978), so other as pects of national health care are built upon the principles, organisation, and functions defined in the countrys primary health care policies and regulations. For example, primary care is provided to individuals, and population health is concerned with community health. However, population health depends on proper individual care because individuals with potentially communicable disease can be a threat to public health, so population health can plan its interventions in the community based on evidence collected from primary health observations... ...r intervention accordingly.Item 6. Finally, the issue of an influenza pandemic must be addressed by agencies and organisations other than health care providers, so the occupational health nurse in the role of the educator will notify and counsel boarder controls, travel agencies, and all international organisations about proper rules and regulations in this situation because entering and leaving Australia during a pandemic should not be allowed without proper vaccination. Although quarantines have proven ineffective against flu pandemics in the past, and a 90% air travel restriction can delay the pandemic by no more than two weeks (GlobalSecurity.org, 2011b), making vaccination obligatory for travellers should not be overlooked because it can both slow down the progress of the disease within the Australian community and prevent spreading it to other communities. Primary Health Care Essay -- Health, Policies, RegulationsPart APrimary health care evolves from the economic, cultural, social, and political conditions of a country, and it is described as an essential part of health care that is universally provided to individuals in a community at the countrys and communitys expense (World Health Organisation WHO, 1978). The goal of primary health care is to address the main local health problems, but it involves community education about these problems in addition to providing disease treatments (WHO, 1978). Furthermore, primary health care is concerned with nutrition promotion, sanitation standards, family planning, immunisation, disease control and prevention, and it promotes and relies on community and individual participation in primary health care functions (WHO, 1978).Population health is concerned with policies and interventions that result in positive health outcomes within a community and further distribution of these outcomes among the individuals of the community (Kindig and Stoddart, 2003). Primary health care and population health overlap and complement each other because primary health care builds the fundamental infrastructure of the national health care system (WHO, 1978), so other aspects of national health care are built upon the principles, organisation, and functions defined in the countrys primary health care policies and regulations. For example, primary care is provided to individuals, and population health is concerned with community health. However, popul ation health depends on proper individual care because individuals with potentially communicable disease can be a threat to public health, so population health can plan its interventions in the community based on evidence collected from primary health observations... ...r intervention accordingly.Item 6. Finally, the issue of an influenza pandemic must be addressed by agencies and organisations other than health care providers, so the occupational health nurse in the role of the educator will notify and counsel boarder controls, travel agencies, and all international organisations about proper rules and regulations in this situation because entering and leaving Australia during a pandemic should not be allowed without proper vaccination. Although quarantines have proven ineffective against flu pandemics in the past, and a 90% air travel restriction can delay the pandemic by no more than two weeks (GlobalSecurity.org, 2011b), making vaccination obligatory for travellers should not b e overlooked because it can both slow down the progress of the disease within the Australian community and prevent spreading it to other communities.

Primary Health Care Essay -- Health, Policies, Regulations

Part APrimary wellness c ar evolves from the economic, cultural, social, and political conditions of a country, and it is described as an essential carve up of health assist that is universally provided to individuals in a familiarity at the countrys and friendships expense (World wellness Organisation WHO, 1978). The goal of main(a) health aid is to plough the main local health problems, but it involves community education about these problems in step-up to providing illness treatments (WHO, 1978). Furthermore, primary health dread is concerned with upkeep promotion, sanitation standards, family planning, immunisation, affection go and prevention, and it promotes and relies on community and individual participation in primary health care functions (WHO, 1978).Population health is concerned with policies and interventions that proceeds in positive health outcomes within a community and further distribution of these outcomes among the individuals of the community (Kindi g and Stoddart, 2003). Primary health care and population health circle and complement each separate because primary health care builds the fundamental infrastructure of the discipline health care system (WHO, 1978), so other(a) aspects of depicted object health care are built upon the principles, organisation, and functions defined in the countrys primary health care policies and regulations. For example, primary care is provided to individuals, and population health is concerned with community health. However, population health depends on proper individual care because individuals with potentially communicable disease burn down be a threat to public health, so population health grass plan its interventions in the community based on prove collected from primary health observations... ...r intervention accordingly.Item 6. Finally, the give away of an influenza pandemic must be addressed by agencies and organisations other than health care providers, so the occupational he alth nurse in the utilisation of the educator will send away and counsel boarder controls, travel agencies, and all international organisations about proper rules and regulations in this situation because entering and leaving Australia during a pandemic should not be allowed without proper vaccination. Although quarantines have proven ineffective against flu pandemics in the past, and a 90% air travel restriction can delay the pandemic by no more than two weeks (GlobalSecurity.org, 2011b), making vaccination required for travellers should not be overlooked because it can both bleak down the progress of the disease within the Australian community and prevent spreading it to other communities. Primary Health Care Essay -- Health, Policies, RegulationsPart APrimary health care evolves from the economic, cultural, social, and political conditions of a country, and it is described as an essential part of health care that is universally provided to individuals in a com munity at the countrys and communitys expense (World Health Organisation WHO, 1978). The goal of primary health care is to address the main local health problems, but it involves community education about these problems in addition to providing disease treatments (WHO, 1978). Furthermore, primary health care is concerned with nutrition promotion, sanitation standards, family planning, immunisation, disease control and prevention, and it promotes and relies on community and individual participation in primary health care functions (WHO, 1978).Population health is concerned with policies and interventions that result in positive health outcomes within a community and further distribution of these outcomes among the individuals of the community (Kindig and Stoddart, 2003). Primary health care and population health overlap and complement each other because primary health care builds the fundamental infrastructure of the national health care system (WHO, 1978), so other aspects of nation al health care are built upon the principles, organisation, and functions defined in the countrys primary health care policies and regulations. For example, primary care is provided to individuals, and population health is concerned with community health. However, population health depends on proper individual care because individuals with potentially communicable disease can be a threat to public health, so population health can plan its interventions in the community based on evidence collected from primary health observations... ...r intervention accordingly.Item 6. Finally, the issue of an influenza pandemic must be addressed by agencies and organisations other than health care providers, so the occupational health nurse in the role of the educator will notify and counsel boarder controls, travel agencies, and all international organisations about proper rules and regulations in this situation because entering and leaving Australia during a pandemic should not be allowed withou t proper vaccination. Although quarantines have proven ineffective against flu pandemics in the past, and a 90% air travel restriction can delay the pandemic by no more than two weeks (GlobalSecurity.org, 2011b), making vaccination obligatory for travellers should not be overlooked because it can both slow down the progress of the disease within the Australian community and prevent spreading it to other communities. Primary Health Care Essay -- Health, Policies, RegulationsPart APrimary health care evolves from the economic, cultural, social, and political conditions of a country, and it is described as an essential part of health care that is universally provided to individuals in a community at the countrys and communitys expense (World Health Organisation WHO, 1978). The goal of primary health care is to address the main local health problems, but it involves community education about these problems in addition to providing disease treatments (WHO, 1978). Furtherm ore, primary health care is concerned with nutrition promotion, sanitation standards, family planning, immunisation, disease control and prevention, and it promotes and relies on community and individual participation in primary health care functions (WHO, 1978).Population health is concerned with policies and interventions that result in positive health outcomes within a community and further distribution of these outcomes among the individuals of the community (Kindig and Stoddart, 2003). Primary health care and population health overlap and complement each other because primary health care builds the fundamental infrastructure of the national health care system (WHO, 1978), so other aspects of national health care are built upon the principles, organisation, and functions defined in the countrys primary health care policies and regulations. For example, primary care is provided to individuals, and population health is concerned with community health. However, population health de pends on proper individual care because individuals with potentially communicable disease can be a threat to public health, so population health can plan its interventions in the community based on evidence collected from primary health observations... ...r intervention accordingly.Item 6. Finally, the issue of an influenza pandemic must be addressed by agencies and organisations other than health care providers, so the occupational health nurse in the role of the educator will notify and counsel boarder controls, travel agencies, and all international organisations about proper rules and regulations in this situation because entering and leaving Australia during a pandemic should not be allowed without proper vaccination. Although quarantines have proven ineffective against flu pandemics in the past, and a 90% air travel restriction can delay the pandemic by no more than two weeks (GlobalSecurity.org, 2011b), making vaccination obligatory for travellers should not be overlooked be cause it can both slow down the progress of the disease within the Australian community and prevent spreading it to other communities.

Clinical Reasoning: Combining Research and Knowledge to Enhance Client Care

Making sound and customer-centered clinical decisions in an area that demands accountability and record-based put on requires not only scientific knowledge, but also a deep knowledge of the invest of ones profession and of what it means to be human in the world of combine strength and vulnerability that is health care. Every clinician mustiness understand the importance of applying best look for test to customer care, the essence of assurebased example, to break the over any quality of healthcare.Research continues to find that using evidence-based guidelines in exercise, informed through research evidence, improves patients outcomes (Dykes et al, 2005). The literature is replete with definitions of evidence-based pull. Simply stated, evidence-based practice is the offshoot of applying research to practice. Originating from the medical field in 1991, the term evidence-based medical specialty was established to ensure that medical research was systematically evaluated in a manner that could inform music and save lives and that is superior to simply looking at the results of individual clinical trials (Wampold & Bhati, 2004).An evidence-based practice is packed any practice that has been established as effective through scientific research according to a set of explicit criteria (Drake, et al, 2001). The term evidence-based practice is also used to describe a way of practicing, or an approach to practice. For example, evidence-based medicine has been described as the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients (Sackett, Rosenberg, Gray, et al, 1996).Evidence-based medicine is only described as the integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient determine (Sackett, Straus, Richardson, Rosenberg, & Haynes, 2000). Rather than a relationship based on asymmetrical information and authority, in evidence-based practice the relationship is chara cterized by a sharing of information and of decision-making. The clinician does not decide what is best for the client, but rather the clinician provides the client with up-to-date information about what the best-evidence is regarding the clients situation, what options are available, and likely outcomes.With this information communicated in culturally and linguistically appropriate ways clients are back up to make decisions for themselves whenever and to the extent possible. According to Burns and Grove evidence-based practice is nothing more than a problem-solving approach to the care that we deliver that takes into consideration the best evidence from research studies in combination with clinical expertise and the patients preferences and values (Burns & Grove, 2004).Pierce described in Evidence-Based Practice in Rehabilitation nurse that making patient-care decisions with current information and ones clinical expertise enhances the ability to provide the best practice. The aut hor added that evidence-based practice is a process that begins with knowing what clinical questions to ask, how to find the best evidence, and how to clinically appraise the evidence for validity and applicability to the particular care situation.Then, the best evidence must be employ by a clinician with expertise in considering the patients unique values and needs. As stated by Law& MacDermit, evidence for practice is not only about using research evidence, but using it in partnership with excellent clinical reasoning and paying neighboring attention to the clients stated goals, needs, and values(Law & MacDermit, 2008). Although the terms best practices and evidence-based practice are often used interchangeably, these terms pose different meanings.Evidence-based practice jackpot be a best practice, but a best practice is not necessarily evidence-based best practices are simply ideas and strategies that work, such as programs, services, or interventions that produce positive cl ient outcomes or reduce costs (Ling, 2000). In order to bring research and knowledge into someones practice, its necessary to think critically. Becoming a critical thinker is a prerequisite of becoming an evidence-based clinician. But what is critical thinking?Critical thinking involves the practical application of knowledge and experience to identify patient problems and to direct clinical judgments and actions that result in positive patient outcomes. Critical reflection requires that the thinker examine the implicit in(p) assumptions and radically question or doubt the validity of arguments, assertions, and even facts of the case. Critical reflective skills are also essential for clinicians however, these skills are not sufficient for the clinician who must decide how to act in particular situations and avoid patient injury (Wheatley DN, 1999).Critical reasoning is a process whereby knowledge and experience are applied in considering multiple possibilities to achieve the desire d goals (Noll et al, 2001) while considering the patients situation (Fowler, 1997). According to Simmons its a process where both inductive and deductive cognitive skills are used (Simmons et al, 2003). Each clients problem is unique, a product of many factors, including the clients physical health, lifestyle, culture, relationship with family and friends, victuals environment, and experiences.Thus, a health care professional does not always prepare a clear picture of the clients needs when first collision a client. Because no two clients have identical problems, a clinician is always challenged to observe each client closely, search for and examine ideas and inferences about client problems, consider scientific principles relating to the problems, choose the problems and develop an approach to clients care. When clinicians make healthcare decisions for a population or group of clients using research evidence, this derriere be described as evidence-based healthcare practice.An early(a) prerequisite to becoming an evidence-based clinician is to be a reflective professional. Reflection is an important aspect of critical thinking. As described by Miller & Babcock reflection is the process of purposefully thinking back or recalling a situation to discover its purpose or meaning. With reflection, a clinician look fors to understand the relationships between theoretical concepts and real-life situations. The importance of reflecting on what you are doing, as part of the learning process, has been emphasised by many researchers.The concept of reflective practice was introduced by Donald Schon in his book named The Reflective Practitioner edited in 1983, however, the concepts underlying reflective practice are much older. John Dewey was among the first to spare about Reflective Practice with his exploration of experience, interaction and reflection (Dewey, 1933). Schon described the concept as a critical process in refining ones artistic production or craft in a specific discipline. The author recommended reflective practice as a way for beginners in a discipline to recognize consonance between their own individual practices and those of successful practitioners.He also stated that reflective practice involves thoughtfully considering ones own experiences in applying knowledge to practice while being coached by professionals in the discipline (Schon, 1996). As it was earlier said, there are a few steps toward evidence-based practice and rehabilitation. The first and the most important step in evidence-based practice is to determine a well-designed question that not only affects quality care but is of interest to the rehabilitation clinician and is encountered in practice on a regular basis. A useful ramework for formulating an appropriate clinical question is suggested by Sackett & colleagues. (Sackett, 2000). They proposed that a good clinical question should have at least three and sometimes four components Patient or Problem Intervent ion Comparison (not mandatory) Outcome of interest. This has been referred to as the PICO (Patient /Problem, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) or PIO (Patient / Problem, Intervention, Outcome) approach. The question commonly comes from diverse sources. As stated by Pierce, the most common source is the rehabilitation practice itself.Once the question in searching of evidence was formulated, the following and probably the most important step is to find the relevant evidence in the literature that will help in answering the question. It can be difficult to distinguish relevant from irrelevant information and to decide which source contains the most credible information and research data. Using research findings in practice improves care. Research use occurs at three levelsinstrumental, conceptual, and symbolic 1. Instrumental utilization is the direct, explicit application of knowledge gained from research to change practice (Gills & Jackson, 2002). 2.Conceptual utilization refers to the use of findings to enhance ones understanding of a problem or issue in nursing (Gills & Jackson, 2002). 3. Symbolic utilization is the use of evidence to change minds of other people, usually decision makers (Profetto-McGrath, Hesketh, Lang, & Estabrooks, 2003). According to Hameedullah & Khalid, all evidence must be appraised in the following areas validity, importance and applicability to the clinical scenario (Hameedullah & Khalid, 2008). performing the previous steps will result in the appearance of a concrete piece of evidence which should be valid and important for the question in consideration.Now is the time to combine the clinical expertise and experience with the evidence generated to improve the outcome of specific client scenarios. It is also important to remember clients values and circumstances while making such decisions. The evidence regarding both efficacy and risks should be fully discussed with the client in order to quit them to make an informed decision . This approach allows the formation of a decision in consultation with the client in the presence of good evidence and is consistent with the complete principle of evidence-based practice i. e. ntegration of good evidence with clinical expertise and patient values (Hameedullah & Khalid, 2008). Whether the intervention was appropriate and resulted in good clinical outcome for a certain group of clients, in a particular clinicians hands, will only be answered by careful prospective outcome research. As Strauss and Sackett have suggested, we need to ask whether we are formulating answerable questions, finding good evidence quickly, effectively appraising the evidence, and integrating clinical expertise and patients values with the evidence in a way that leads to a rational, acceptable management strategy (Straus & Sackett, 1998).Although the importance of research-based practice was identified decades ago and has gradually been adopted by rehabilitation professions, there are a numbe r of challenges for clinicians who are attempting to be use research to aid in clinical decision-making. According to Bohannon and Leveau most challenges can be grouped under one of three areas research methods, clinicians skill, and administrative factors (Bohannon & Leveau, 1998).The research procedures of randomly assigning patients to an experimental or control group, using standardised outcomes measures that whitethorn not have real-world relevance, and the difficulty of blinding investigators and clients to the research procedures all make research results difficult to be implemented, interpreted and utilized clinically (Ritchie, 2001). Evidence-based practice requires clinicians to read current research literature, understand research methodology, and incorporate best evidence into practice as appropriate.As Sumison noted in one of his studies, it may be difficult to use in client-centered practice. The research literature may be difficult to access and relevant information is often not compiled in one place (Sumison, 1997). Interpreting and implementing research evidence also requires clinical skill, judgement, and experience. Deciding what constitutes evidence that justifies a change in practice can be challenging and the opportunity for bias exists at every stage of the process as Pomeroy observed in one of his articles from 2003 (Pomeroy, 2003).There are many other factors that present challenges to clinicians who are attempting to use evidence to guide their practice. Time constraints are almost universally identified as a primary limiting factor. Schreiber and fastidious stated that clinicians refer to pressures of todays health care environment and administrators emphasis on productivity as factors that directly inhibit their ability to seek out, gather, read, and integrate cientific information relevant to daily practice (Schreiber and Stern, 2005). The concept of evidence-based practice is of great importance for rehabilitation and physiother apy to allow for increased insight for all involved including patients, clinicians, third-party payers, and government and health care organizations, into the clinical decision-making processes. The purpose of promoting this paradigm is optimum quality of care with conservation of professional autonomy.

Aj Davis Department Store Part B

AJ Davis Department Store Part B AJ Davis Department Store understructure The following information will show whether or not the animal trainers speculations are correct. He wants to know the following information Is the median(a) basal not bad(p)er than $45,000? Does the true population proportion of customers who extend in an urban area exceed 45%? Is the average number of years lived in the legitimate home less than 8 years? Is the credit balance for suburban customers more than $3200? Hypothesis quizing and confidence intervals for situations A-D are calculated. A.THE AVERAGE (MEAN) ANNUAL INCOME WAS less(prenominal) THAN $45,000. upshot stride 1 Null Hypothesis The average (mean) annual income was compare to $45,000. H_0 ? =45,0000 Step2 Alternate Hypothesis The average (mean) annual was less than $50,000. H_a ? 45 , a z-test for the mean will be used to test the tending(p) hypothesis. As for the alternative hypothesis, which is Ha? 0. 45 and the given test is a one- tailed (upper-tailed) z-test. Step 4 Critical Value and Rejection office The critical value for significance level is ? =0. 05. The upper tail z-test is 1. 45. Rejection Region Reject H_0,if z-statistic1. 645. Step 5 Assumptions The sample size in this experiment is n 0. 4 95% Lower attempt X N Sample p Bound Z-Value P-Value 1 21 50 0. 420000 0. 305190 0. 29 0. 386 Step 7 Interpretation According to the calculations, the p-value is 0. 386. This value is larger than the significance level of 0. 05. Therefore, we will not reject the null hypothesis. There is no sufficient evidence to support the claim that the true population proportion of customers who live in an urban area is greater than 40%.Based on the results provided by MINITAB below, the lower 95% confidence limit is 0. 28. Since 0. 42 is greater than the 95% lower confidence limit, hence, we cannot support the claim that the true population proportion of customers who live in an urban area is greater than 45%. Confidence I nterval Test and CI for One Proportion Sample X N Sample p 95% CI 1 21 50 0. 420000 (0. 283195, 0. 556805) ? C. THE AVERAGE (MEAN) NUMBER OF YEARS LIVED IN THE CURRENT HOME IS LESS THAN 8 YEARS. Solution Step 1 Null Hypothesis The average (mean) number of years lived in the current home is equal to 8 years.H_0 ? =8 Step 2 Alternate Hypothesis The average (mean) number of years lived in the current home is less than 8 years. H_a ? 50 requires that the z-test for mean be used to test the given hypothesis. The alternative hypothesis is Ha? 3200 Step 3 Test Statistic z= Following the provided information, the Significance Level is ? =0. 05. The alternative hypothesis is Ha ? 3200 therefore, the given test is a one-tailed (upper-tailed) z-test. Step 4 Critical Value and Rejection Region The critical value for significance level ? =0. 5 for an upper-tailed z-test is given as 1. 645. Rejection Region Reject H_0,if z-statistic1. 645. Step 5 Assumptions The sample size in this speculation is greater than 30, therefore, The Central Limit Theorem (CLT) will apply, and no assumptions need to be made. Step 6 Calculation of test statistic One-Sample Z Credit Balance ($) Test of mu = 3200 vs 3200 The assumed standard deviation = 742. 365 95% Lower Variable N nasty StDev SE Mean Bound Z P Credit Balance ($) 15 4675 742 192 4360 1. 96 0. 025 Step 7 InterpretationAccording to the above results from MINITAB, the p-value of 0. 038 is littler than the significance level of 0. 05 consequently, the null hypothesis will be rejected. There is sufficient evidence to support the claim that the average (mean) credit balance for suburban customers is more than $3200. Based on the results from MINITAB, which are provided below, the significance level is 0. 05 therefore, there is sufficient evidence to support the claim that the average (mean) credit balance for suburban customers is more than $3200.MINITAB reveals that the 95% lower confidence limit is 4469 therefore, 3200 is smaller tha n the 95% lower confidence limit, which means that the claim can be supported regarding the average (mean) credit balance for suburban customers is more than $3200. Confidence Interval One-Sample Z The assumed standard deviation = 742. 365 N Mean SE Mean 95% CI 50 4675 105 (4469, 4881) Conclusion After performing hypothesis testing and confidence intervals on each speculation, we can conclude that from the sample of 50 customers from AJ DAVIS department store, the average (mean) annual income is less than $50,000.We can also conclude that the number of customers that live in urban areas are less than or equal to 40%. The average number of years their customers have lived in their current home is more than 13. Also, the average credit balance for suburban customers is more than $4300. The manager was correct about the speculations of the average income being less than $50,000 and a customers credit balance being more than $4,300. For AJ Davis department store to continue a great rela tionship with their customers, it wise and imperative that they continue to perform analyses of this magnitude.

Which Stakeholders Can Currently Be Considered to Be Part of the “the Company” for the Purpose of the Director’s Duty to Act in the Best Interests of the Corporation?

which stakeholders give the sack currently be considered to be part of the the club for the purpose of the distributers concern to act in the exceed interests of the corporation? Company is a form of corporation and regulated by the Corporations Act. The legal significance of being as a company is it exists as a separate legal entity and dependent upon human beings to make decisions on their behalf. The person who makes or participates in making decisions that affect the satisfying or a substantial part of the companys business can be defined as a director.The legal definition of director is stated under section 9 of the Corporations Act1 which indicates that, it is more appropriate to look at the function of the people rather than at the job title itself. Duties atomic number 18 imposed on the directors to regular illegal behavior and ensure that they act for the benefit of the company. All directors and officers of a corporation are bound by a number of general law and sta tutes which include that a) act in good faith in the interests of the company b) act for a proper purpose c) debar conflicts of interest and ) retain discretion Moreover, care, skill and diligence in the performance of their duties must exercised by directors. Stakeholder can be defined as a ships company that affects or can be affected by the carry outs of the business2, which may be include shareholder, creditors, employees, customer, supplier and government. Under the principle of the company law, directors and officers owe duties to the company as a whole but non to the some other person or group rather that shareholder as they are the residual owners of the companys assets.As a result, it can be said that a scope is limited by the statutory duties to the company director and officer is to act the best interest of shareholder, any benefit is performing on the other group of the stakeholder (such(prenominal) as the creditor) will beyond the scope of director power. In additi on, an essential line might be arisen between the director and the shareholder is known as agency costs that is the cost incurred by company to ensure that the director (who manages the company) is acting on the behalf of shareholders (who is the owner of the company) and make decisions onsist with their best interest. The barter will be breached by each director if there is no action done to reduce a conflict of interest3. A director can not use his or her power to profit personally interest at expense of the company. An action may be brought against the company where it has managed in an oppressive, unfairly prejudicial or unfairly discriminatory against shareholders interest. Therefore, it seems that the company (shareholder) is the only beneficiary by the regulation of directors duties. In other words, the enforcement of directors duties is for the benefit of the shareholders. 2) Should directors duties, and corporate responsibilities, be extended to a wider group of stakehol ders? What are the lessons from the mob Hardie and the Waterfront Dispute experience? It is a challenge for the current legal framework to consider a wider group of stakeholder interest, as in modern society that greater deal of business and activities conducted by a company. Elena suggests that balance between the different groups of stakeholders is essential to the long-term viability of the corporation and the long-term shareholders value can be increased by taking answer for of the other group of the stakeholder. 4 For example, an under market salary is paid to the employees or the employees are scheduled in an inefficient way will result in a decreasing of shareholders wealth as the productivity of the company is affected by the dissatisfied employees. Hence, according to the definition of the stakeholder, employee can be classified as a stakeholder who will maximize shareholder wealth in a long-term. As a result, the maximization of stakeholder value goal might not only be c oncentrated on the shareholder but the other group such as creditor and employee.The reasons why the directors duty might be extended to the group of creditor can be stated as creditor is a definitive stakeholder in the company and their interest should be taken into account and also, based on the judgments of the decided case, it also indicates that there is a demand for director to find out the interest of creditor. Firstly, a company is a separate legal entity5. Therefore, the debt of the company is separated from its directors and shareholders. In addition, the notes borrowed will be recorded under the shit of the company and the creditor will sue the company if there is any unpaid account.However, creditor is playing an important role in providing funds to assist company to manage its cashflow and expansions. Hence, it can be said that creditor is the stakeholder and can effect the action of the business. Nevertheless, according to the passage Re new-fangled World Allianc e Pty Ltd (1994) 122 ALR 531 at 550,6 there is not direct duty owed by the director and officer to the creditors because their duties are owed to the company. However, in the situation when the directors of company consider a high risk project or it is in a financial distress, the creditor has to occupy a weakness side of meat.This is because, if the project fails, shareholder will lose nothing but the money they have invested referable to the limited liability then the risk of filature will shift to the creditor. Hence, it seems unfair for creditor who has not fiduciary security measure and whose right is limited by the contract. On the other hands, according to the passage Re New World Alliance Pty Ltd (1994) 122 ALR 531 at 550,7 there is not direct duty owed by the director and officer to the creditors because their duties are owed to the company.The only time that the director duties are owed to creditor is when company is insolvency8 and during that time, the creditor is ent itled to displace the power of the directors and shareholders to deal with the companys assets9. It can be argued that it is riskless for the secured creditor who holds a charge over a part or all of the companys assets during the companys insolvency. If the company is in financial distress, a receiver is appointed by the secured creditor to collect and look after the companys asset in order to obtain money for them10.However, it is not easy for the creditor to claim all their money back according to firstly, the money collected has to pay the certain priority claims, including employee entitlements (such as wages, superannuation contributions and leave payments) before paying to creditor and secondly, director does not owe directly duty of care for the interest of creditor, this might result in a less consideration of managing and taking care of the asset that is held by the creditor.Therefore, creditor who provides fund for company to operate or expand is playing a significant rol e to a company and their weakness position should be taken in to account and redeemed by the directors duty and the corporate responsibilities. In addition, duty has been referred to the judgments of the decided cases. The emergence of the issue to regard the creditor interest is from the booster cable judgment by MasonJ in Walker v Wimborne. 11 His statement has been acknowledged by the other courts such as in Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. Also, according to the obiter comments in the recent case Spies v The Queen, the court has again acknowledged that there is an existence of the duty to creditor. As a result, it seems that protection for creditors interest is required in some certain circumstances. picpicpic 1 Section 9 defines a director as a) a person who ) is appointed to the position of a director or ii) is appointed to the position of an alternate director and is acting in that capacity regardless of the name that is given to their position and b) unless t he unlike intention appears, a person who is not validly appointed as a director of i) they act in the position of a director or ii) the directors of the company or body are accustomed to act in accordance with the persons instructions or wishes. 2 http//www. scu. edu. u/schools/gcm/ar/arp/stake. hypertext mark-up language 3 Relevant section under the Statue law of nature Section 182(1) Use of Position Section 183(1) Use of Information Section 191(1) Disclosure of Interest. Also, under the Common Law Fiduciary Duties. 4 Corporate governance shareholders interest and other stakeholders interest. http//www. virtusinterpress. com/additional_files/journ_coc/full-text-papers-open-access/Paper006. pdf 5 The principle is established in Salomon v Salomon & Co ? 1897?AC 22 6 Harris, Hargovan and Adams Australian Corporate Law, world-class ed, Page417. 7 Harris, Hargovan and Adams Australian Corporate Law, 1st ed, Page417. 8 A company is insolvent if 1. It is unable to pay its debts as they fall due. 2. Its assets are less than the amount of its liabilities, taking into account its contingent and prospective liabilities. 9 Kinsela v Russell Kinsela Pty. Ltd. (in liq. ) (1986) 4 NSWLR 722. 10 In some special circumstance, it may appointed by the court.Eg where there is a dispute between the owners of the company or the property over which the receiver is appointed 11 His Honour said In this respect it should be emphasised that the directors of a company in discharging their duty to the company must take account of the interest of its shareholders and its creditors. Any failure by the directors to take into account the interests of creditors will have adverse consequences for the company as well as for them.

Caap History

PhilippinesCivil Aviation AuthorityformerlyAir Transportation Office, abbreviated asCAAP, is an agency of thePhilippine government at a lower place the section of Transportation and communicationsresponsible for implementing policies on civil aviation to assure safe, economic and efficient air travel. 2The agency also investigates aviation accidents. 3The agencys main potency is inPasay City - History Legislative Act nary(prenominal) 909 passed by thePhilippine Legislativeon no(prenominal)ember 20, 1931 created an Office under the Department of Commerce and communication theory to handle aviation matters, particularly the enforcement of rules and regulations governing commercial aviation as well as private flying. It was amended by Act 3996 to include licensing of airmen and aircraft, reexamination of aircraft concerning air traffic rules, schedules and rates and enforcement of Aviation Laws. 5 From 1932 to 1936, there were no standard procedures as to the licensing of airmen, re gistration of aircraft and recording of various aeronautical activities connected with commercial aviation.There were attempts make to register planes and their owners with off ascertaining their airworthiness and to record names of pilots, airplane mechanics and other details. 5 In 1933, the office of Technical Assistant of Aviation matters was enlarged into the astronautics Division under the Department of Commerce and Industry, the functions of which were embodied in Administrative Order No. 309, a joint Bulletin issued by the Department of Public Works and Communications and the Department of Finance. 5 In October 1934, Act 4033 was passed to require a franchise from thePhilippine governmentin order to operate an air service and to regulate hostile aircraft operations. 5On November 12, 1936, thePhilippine Legislativepassed Commonwealth Act No. 168, better known as the Civil Aviation Law of thePhilippineswhich created the Bureau of Aeronautics. After the liberation of thePhilipp inesin March 1945, the Bureau was reorganized and placed under theDepartment of guinea pig Defense. Among its functions was to promulgate Civil Aviation Regulations. 5 On October 1947, Executive Order No. 94 which reorganized the government transferred Bureau of Aeronautics to the Newly created Department of Commerce and Industry and renamed Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA). 5 On June 5, 1948,Republic Act224 created the National Airports Corporation which was charged with the management and operations of all national airports. 5 On June 20, 1952,Republic ActNo. 776, otherwise known as the Civil Aeronautics Act of thePhilippinesreorganized the Civil Aeronautics Board and the Civil Aeronautics Administration.It defined the powers and duties of both agencies including the funds, personnel and the regulations of Civil Aviation. 5 On October 19, 1956, Executive Order No. 209 placed the Civil Aeronautics Administration under the administrative supervision and control of the Departm ent of Public Works, Transportation and Communications. 5 * Marcos Era On January 20, 1975, Letter of assertion No. 244 transferred to the Department of Public Highways the responsibilities relative to airport plans, designs, construction, improvement, maintenance as well as site acquisition.The responsibilities related to location, planning design and funding were ulterior returned to the CAA. 5 On July 23, 1979, Executive Order No. 546, the CAA was renamed the Bureau of Air Transportation (BAT) and placed under theMinistry of Transportation and Communications. 6 * Cory Aquino Presidency On April 13, 1987, Executive Order No. 125-A renamed the Bureau of Air Transportation the Air Transportation Office headed by the Assistant Secretary of Air Transportation. 7 * Arroyo Administration On December 3, 2007,SenatorEdgardo J.Angarafiled senate bill go 1932, otherwise known as CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY ACT OF 2007, authorizing the appropriation of funds therefore, and for other purposes . 8The bill abolishes the Air Transportation Office (ATO) and in its stead creates theCivil Aviation Authority(CAA), which is mandated to set comprehensive, clear and impartial rules of the aviation industry. Under the new law, the CAA shall be an independent regulatory body with quasi-judicial and quasi-legislative powers with bodied attributes and on March 4, 2008,PresidentGloria Macapagal-Arroyosign into law.FAA and EU downgrades and other controversies On January 17, 2008, theUnited StatesFederal Aviation Administration(FAA) downgraded thePhilippines rating to kinsfolk 2 from Category 1, since its Air Transportation Office (Philippines) (ATO) did non fully satisfy international safety standards. Consequently,Philippine Airlines(PAL) president Jaime Bautista stated that its 2008 growth targets would be lowered. Just out of 8 years ofreceivershiplast year, the FAA decision prevented PAL from increasing US flights from 33 per week. 10Then PresidentGloria Macapagal-Arroyodismisse d acting Air Transportation Office principal Danilo Dimagiba after the downgrade and designated DOTC Department of Transportation and Communications SecretaryLeandro Mendozaas concurrent Officer in Charge of ATO. Also, theEmbassy of the United States in Manilawarned US citizens in the Philippines to intermit from using Philippine-based carriers due to serious concerns about the ATOs alleged mishandling of the aviation industry.Dimagiba blamed lack of funds for the FAA downgrade, alleging that ATO needs Php 1 billion ($1 = Php 40), roughly most $25,000,000. 11 Effective April 1, 2010, the European Union, following the FAAs lead, banned Philippine carriers from flying to Europe. Asia Times reported, EU ambassador Alistair MacDonald said The commission considers that the supervisory authority is currently not able to implement and enforce the relevant safety standards, and decided therefore to ban from EU airspace all air carriers licensed in the Philippines until these deficiencies be corrected. 12 On June 19, 2010, important navigation equipment at the Manila airport maintained by CAAP failed. The very high frequency omni-directional radio range (VOR) which helps planes land especially in bad weather stopped working due to heavy rain and there was no available replacement. One had to be brought from another airport. 13

Booker T Washington A Representative of the Black Population

It is considered general knowledge that slavery was one of the biggest struggles this province faced. However, m either forget that the affair did non end when slavery was abolished. Reconstruction laid a heavy hand on this country and nearly tore it apart. Booker T. Washington explains this creation in his famous tree analogy.Before our freedom, a giant tree was growing in the garden slavery, which all in all considered injurious to the progress of the whole nation. The rifle to be done was direct and simple-destroy the hurtful tree. The work before us now is not the destruction of a tree, barely the growing of one. Slavery presented a problem of destruction freedom presents one of construction. This requires time, patience, preparation of the soil, watering, pruning, and most careful nursing (Washington, 50).Booker T. Washington became a representative of the black population during this profligate time. However, he was met with much criticism due to his controversial ideas and public speeches. The white citizenry largely appreciated his pacifying tone, but manhoody of the blacks were irritated by the noneffervescent agendum Washington was suggesting. Some of Booker T. Washingtons ideas were practical and worthwhile, however some of his theories contained many contradictions and fallacies. I agree with his ideology to a point, but at certain times, I feel that he is too much of a pacifist.Washington stressed repeatedly in his speeches the importance of an industrial education. His give birth contribution to this was the Tuskagee Institute. It taught young blacks a trade that was practical, so they would be able to easily find a job, and begin earning income. Washingtons thought was that an industrial education was far more important than a liberal education. He believed that a liberal education was a waste of time, because there werent any immediate benefits, or instantaneous wage earning possibilities.Washingtons point was that the blacks needed m oney at once, so they should excel at what they already know. African Americans already had the skills they learned from slavery, which was mostly farming and factory farm. He thought that they should utilize that knowledge in the work force. let the total darkness begin right where he is by putting the greatest amount of intelligence, of skill, and dignity into the occupations by which he is surrounded (Washington 42). some(prenominal) blacks did not like that suggestion, because they felt that they had been trapped in the agriculture business because of slavery, and they did not want to go back to that way of life. It would mean no change in labor and little chance that the white employer would dish out them any better than they had in the past. The ex-slaves wanted experiences in life that they never before had the opportunity to sport. They wanted a liberal education, because it had been denied to them in the past. They wanted to explicate out of working the fields.Washingt on believed in sticking to one thing and excelling at it. He thought that blacks should learn a trade and become the top hat at it, so there is no room for discrimination.Whenever in the South, for example, the Negro is the carpenter, let him recognise that he cannot remain the carpenter unless people are authentic that no one can excel him as a carpenter. This black carpenter should strive in every way possible to keep himself informed of the best woodwork done in the world. He should be constantly studying the best journals and books bearing on carpentry. He should watch for every amelioration in his line (Washington 42).Personally, I think that B.T. Washington was right in be after to use the skills one already had, however I dont think it is right to deny anyone the chance of stepping up and bettering themselves. Washington claims this change will happen, but it will occur gradually. The second or third coevals of this black mans family need not be carpenters, but can asp ire successfully to something higher because the foundation has been laid (Washington 43). However, the black man, at this time, did not want gradual change. They wanted the change they deserved, and they wanted it right out-of-door. In my opinion, Washingtons idea to learn a trade to have an immeidate source of income is a good one. It is practical and promotes a way for blacks to meet financial needs. Nonetheless, it is important to have a well-rounded education if the change for larger and better places is to ever take place.Another problem with Washingtons dogma, is that he is lumping all black people into one category. He is assuming that all of the ex-slaves will not mind going back to the same labor force they were in pre-abolishment. That is untrue. Many African-Americans at this time had untapped interests that they wanted to pursue. Many would actually be more talented in other fields. When slavery was abolished, this implied freedom for blacks. Freedom is all about the ability to choose. In taking choices away from the ex-slaves, Washington is stifling independence.As the representative man of his time, Booker T. Washington made several public speeches. In these orations, it was quite evident that he was aspiring to be as diplomatic as possible. He sought to keep the whites on his side, even amongst the most racially controversial issues. In regarding crime, he not only chastised white people for the heinous hate crimes that were rampant, but he also admonished the black people for their criminal acts.idleness and crime should cease, and that no allay be given the world to label any large proportion of the race blacks as idlers and criminalsbring to punishment those who commit crime, when proper legal social occasion is surewe consider no legal punishment to severe for the wretch of any race who attempts to outrage a woman lynching. The lesson for the other portion of the nation to learn is thatthe same laws should be made to apply to the Negro and the white man whether it relates to citizenship, the protection of property, the right to labor, or the protection of human life (Washington 49).The personal manner in which Washington addressed the mixed crowd was filled with diplomacy, and therefore, did not anger the white citizens. Booker T. Washington realized that this was intelligent, because he knew that if he stimulated the whites, the black population would have a much more difficult time in their rise through reconstruction.During all his addresses to the public, B. T. Washington stressed economics. He did this to speak to the white population about racial equality in terms that they thought would benefit the entire nation. Racial equality would lead to a better economy, and since the South was almost destitute after the civil war, the Southern whites were willing to listen to anything that would help the financial situation. It is not only the duty of the Negro to thus put himself in possession, but it is also the plainest duty of the white manNo state can have the highest civilization and prosperity with troika of its population down. This one-third will prove a constant millstone about the neck of the other two-thirds (Washington 43).Economics, Washington also said, would bring about political and racial equality. He argued that once African-Americans obtained money, property, and/or other tangible goods, they would be given more respect, and hence, equality. when he the black man has paid the cost-paid the price of his freedom-it will come forward in the beautiful, well-kept home, In the increasing bank account, in the farm (Washington 42).I dont agree with B.T.W.s theory on this. sound because one has material commodities, this does not guarantee them respect or equality of any kind. The white southerners were brought up on racist beliefs. A black mans wealth will not change the white bigots opinion. If anything, the whites will just begin to resent the black man. Moving up financially , was a good idea for the black race, as long as they protested equality simultaneously, because equality would not just appear along with financial stability.Agitation was not one of Washingtons endeavors. He believed that blacks should not provoke the white populace. He states in one of his articles, Vastly more courage is often shown in ones ability to suffer in silence (Washington 48). This enraged many blacks. They had already been suffering in silence through the endless historic period of slavery. Washington averred that rather than agitation, the black move upward should be a constant struggle.The wisest among my race understand that the agitation of questions of social equality, is the extremest folly, and that progress in the use of goods and services of all the privileges that will come to us must be the result of sever and constant struggle rather than of artificial forcing (Washington 140). Washington needed to realize that no political changes would come about withou t the black population demanding them. If the African-Americans did not command civil rights, the whites would never have bothered to change their ways. In this situation, talk out is necessary.

Gender Inequality Essay

It is not up for debate whether wo cultivateforce argon discriminated against in the soundplace it is evident in census data in 1998 women made 73 cents to the dollar yielding(a) to men. Even today, there is tacit a stick out gap that exists between women and men. It is said that the organizations that argon pro-equal pay, including some unions, support the idea that the establishment should set fight for all transmission lines. To the contrary, the organizations that atomic number 18 proponents of equal pay ar not for job wages be set by the government-they wish to devour the diversity taken out of pay scales from within the company. Comm un slight, this pay gap is attributed to the fact that women in the United States are still expected to attend to familial obligations over work.Data shows that women do attend to family obligations, like having a child, caring for a sick family member, or caring for an elder but they similarly do not give up on work. Yes, women ofte n chose lower paying jobs in exchange for flexible hours and do spend a lower tour of hours per week long-term at their jobs than their male counterparts. Because women are socialized to be the primary care givers they are kept at these lower paying jobs that are more than flexible, the jobs allow them to care for their family yet still retain an income (possibly a second income for the household). Womens changing roles in society has resulted in this workplace problem.Women are allowed and often encouraged to work but they are not rewarded or compensated at the same level, for their efforts, that men in the work force are. The pay gap would be narrowed if companies were more conducive to family schedules. Men and women would receive equal pay for the same job. Companies would benefit by retaining quality employees. Men and women postulate to start out making the same amount of money for the same job, companies need to offer women ample maternity leave, families need to be offere d child care (or childcare compensation), there needs to be a flexible work environment, and men should never be discouraged from taking paternity leave.It seems that women workers have reached a t suitableland in society. In order for women to be respected as men are) in the workplace there needs to be a redistribution of domestic and family work. Its acceptable now for women to work but this acceptance into the workforce has not drastically changed what they, women, are expected to perform at home. There is no federal part for women to move forward to equality in pay if they are not recognized as contributors to their job (i.e. women are still expected to perform exterior of work in the family setting as strong in a way that men are besides expected to perform at work and not at home).As soon as more domestic and family work is allocated to men than women lead be able to attain equal pay. Women, with less(prenominal) work at home, result be able to commit to full time jobs , have to leave the workforce less, take less leave, and be able to climb the corporate ladder just as men are today.Since 1942, gender inequality, at least in pay, can be traced. In 1942 the guinea pig fight Labor Board issued a general order that authorized employers to make voluntary adjustments in salaries or pay in order to leaven gender equality (at least in jobs were women and men worked the exact same job and had comparable quality and quantity of work) (CNN). Rates of women in apprehend unions has been increase since they have entered the workforce. Even with the increase of women union numbers this inequality of pay still exists. Women are encouraged by unions and other organizations to sue their employer if they are being treated unfairly in the workplace. Women are unlikely to pursue this option against their employers because of limited resources, i.e. money and time.Gender discrimination in the workplace is not only evident in the pay gap but also in sexual harassm ent and the glass roof in organizations. The term glass capital began as a reference to discrimination against women in the work force. Glass ceiling encompasses many different kinds of discrimination against women workers including but not limited to differences in pay for comparable work, sexual harassment in the workplace, and companies that do not have family-friendly policies. The glass ceiling is an unwritten rule in many businesses.The ceiling is an inconspicuous barrier that usually affects minorities and women. This barrier is extremely debilitating for women in their job because it makes them touch inferior and that their bosses do not take them seriously because of their sex. Women feel that their bosses arent taking them seriously because the bosses do not view them as potential candidates for the most prestigious casts in the establishment. The glass ceiling is another tyrannical means used by corporate America to keep women out of powerful positions and keep them from raking in a lot of money in basis of their gross income. A study done by the U.S Department of Labor in 1991 recaped nine Fortune 500 companies and the results confirmed that workers in these companies, minorities and women especially, came into contact with the invisible barrier, the glass ceiling, very early on in their charges.The U.S. Supreme Court has designated two different types of sexual harassment in workplaces Type 1 and Type 2. Type 1 is harassment that directly results in an employment outcome (ex. the harasser would say that if you dont do X you lead lose your job). Sexual harassment of Type 2 is not nearly as direct but creates a hostile work environment for the nettled worker. This hostile in environment can be created by rude gestures, sabotaged work, inappropriate name calling, vulgar jokes, unnecessary touching, comment on the appearance of others (physical attributes), etc.Women are now surpassing men in the amount of education, in years and higher degr ees, they have. If the workforce does not allow them to pursue executive career options then they will find themselves unable to fill these positions. Women in 1996 earned 1,255,057 college degrees as compared to men who earned 992,638 degrees (Career Planning). The ever increasing amount of women furthering their education makes them more likely to want to enter the job market. Also, the longer a woman is in school the longer she will be in the workforce, when she enters it, because it is likely that she will delay childbearing.Even though female graduates may be even more qualified for a position than her male counterpart the woman will be much more likely to be recommended for a job as an booster or secretary job than the man. She will be told that this assistant or secretarial job is her way to get her foot in the door at the company. The employers will act like this is a typical entry-level position when in fact a man in the same situation will immediately begin at a much high er level in the company. Women are over represented in the lower paying jobs in the company- almost all assistants and secretarial positions are filled by women opus men crowd the top and fill the most prestigious positions in the company. This concentration of men at the top and women at the bottom is called occupational requisition.I began the Intro to Critical Feminist Studies course with a very clear idea of what feminism is yet I was hesitant to call myself a feminist. A feminist, to me, is mortal who advocates for womens rights and their equality as compared to men. Women and men are equal yet both are very different. A feminist is someone who capitalizes on and embraces the differences between men and women. Anyone can be a feminist but feminism, to me, means only advocating for womens issues like gender discrimination in the workplace. Through the semester my definition of feminism has not changed drastically yet I am much more willing to associate myself with this movem ent/name. My hesitation in calling myself a feminist was based on worries about the social implications of the word feminist.I dont judge people only when because they attach this label to themselves or associate with other feminists so there must have been some deeper concern about the social implications of being one, a feminist. I dont think that individuals necessarily associate being a feminist with negative things but that socially, in group situations and in the larger context of society and politics, being labeled as a feminist will limit your options. Specifically, I am concerned with the implications of being a feminist in the workplace. The workplace, to me, is the center of the politically correct and somehow labeling yourself a feminist makes you politically incorrect and socially awkward. Labeling yourself a feminist, ironically, attributes a male characteristic to you, i.e. confidence. Because feminists are labeled with this confidence and that they have such a clea r idea of what injustices against women are they are outcasts.This effect, gender discrimination in the workplace, is related to a topic in my previous papers, women and healthcare. The job market is probably the most influential factor in an individuals ability to obtain health insurance. This job-place discrimination against women indirectly affects the quality of healthcare available to most American women. Its important to me to have equality in the workplace because I am a women and I dont deserve to make less money than a male-counterpart just because of my sex. Even if it is the case that women are in and out of the labor force (more than men) because of familial obligations there is no cause for this discrimination in the workplace. Women are in and out of the labor market caring for men, mens children, and mens relatives yet women get paid less than men for the same job. There is even more cause for the wage gap to be closed because womens roles are changing many women are both mothers and workers. In the past, maybe it was OK (not just but socially acceptable) for women to make less money than men because men were the providers and the womans income was play money. This is no longer the case. Women are now equal providers for their family, possibly the bigger earner, and frequently the doctor provider for their household (single moms etc.).A female that just graduated from college with a major in marketing calls an agency to schedule an interview. She gets to the interview on time, well dressed, and ready to be hired. The interview proceeds and the interviewer is impressed with her resume but is very interested in her typing speed. The interviewer takes the recent grad to another room, a computer lab, where she is sat down and prepared to take a typing test-to determine her words per minute. While typing, she sees an acquaintance of hers from school and he is applying to work for the agency as well. Her male acquaintance is interviewed by the same person yet he is immediately suggested for a position in the company without taking a typing test. The interviewer suggested the taping test for the female grad because having good typing skills would help her get her foot in the door, i.e. she could start out as an assistant or secretary. Even though both prospective employees, the woman and the man, had equitable educations the woman was not encouraged/allowed by the interviewer to enter the ranks of the business as anyone but a secretary (Career Planning).Some examples of gender discrimination in the workplace are women not being hired for a position (which they are qualified for) because the companys long-time clients feel more comfortable dealing with men, during company cutbacks men with the same job with less seniority keep their job over a woman who has been working for the company for a long time, and women not being able to attain a promotion even though they qualify for it (the womanhas exemplary surveys and has earned m any awards in her position (like employee of the year, etc.) the promotion is given to a less qualified male).After the National War Labor Board issued general order sixteen the fight for equal pay continues. President John F. Kennedy signed the Equal Pay Act in 1963. This Act signed by JFK applied to 27.5 million workers (both men and women) and required employees doing work requiring equal skill, effort and responsibility- and work performed under similar working conditions-be paid equal wages (CNN). In subsequent years, following both the general order sixteen and the Equal Pay Act, numerous bills and acts have been passed to guarantee women and men equal pay for the same job yet the pay gap still exists today.A more recent statistic on the pay difference, from 2000, found that women still make .80 cents to the dollar thats paid to their male counterparts (GAO). A few women have been compensated for their lost wages. The Department of Labors Office of federal official Contract Co mpliance Programs, OFCCP, began reviewing corporate management systems in 1993. The OFCCP began the review process after President Bill Clinton signed the Family and Medical Leave Act. This Act protects workers jobs guaranteeing them at least twelve months of unpaid leave due to the birth of a child or extreme family circumstances (someone is very ill, etc.). These reviews of corporate management systems has been subservient in paying back wages to women. One of the OFCCPs reviews included an evaluation of Fairfax Hospital in Virginia. The hospital, as a result of its preliminary review by the OFCCP, agreed to pay over $425,000 in back wages to 52 female workers these workers were assiduous in the top six grades of the hospitals personnel structure (CNN).Also, after the hospitals review they gave 44 out of the 52 women pay raises, which gave these individuals more than $178,000 (extra) in total. These raises account for more than $4,000 a year extra income for each woman. Out of a ll the corporate reviews by OFCCP, the largest settlement was with CoreStates Financial Institution in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. As a result of their review CoreStates paid more than 1.5 million dollars to women and minorities to compensate them for (past) pay discrimination. In addition to paying the 1.5 million dollars to workers CoreStates paid more than 334,000, in salary adjustments to 76 women and 66 members of minorities (CNN). The monetary compensation does not address the root of why women are paid less than men. If companies are willing to settle with the OFCCP and pay lost wages to female workers then they obviously recognize the injustice they are committing in the pay scales. Even with the passage of numerous acts that require employers to give equal pay the gap still continues between women and mens salaries.From the 1960s when JFK signed the Equal Pay Act the number of women workers was at an all-time high. From the beginning of the 60s to the mid 70s more than half the increase in the amount of workers in the labor force was made up of women. nigh of these women were married and delayed having children so they could stay in the labor force longer. Even though womens primary obligations are to their families they still do hang on in the workforce after having children. Families cant make it without the second income provided by the female. Women are in and out of the labor force but only to recover from childbirth the number of working moms in 2006 was over 2.6 million. More than 72 percent of mothers in the Unites States, with children under the age of 18, are either employed part or full-time.Women are in hostile environments at home and at work. Women are paid less than men for the same job, are sexually harassed at work, and are cornered into low paying demeaning work. Even though women are expected to be equal providers for their family they are also expected to be the primary caretaker of their family. It is impossible for women to exc el in both arenas if they are not granted equality. This equality would include either redistribution of domestic and family work (while women continue to work in the office) or equal respect for womens work (women staying at home while men work in the office).

Occupational Safety and Health and International General Certificate

revise specification of the International General security measures in Occupational wellness and Safety. The trio unit structure remains same(predicate) (Unit IGC1 Management of supranational health and safety, Unit IGC2 Control of international work risks and Unit IGC3 International health and safety hardheaded application).The format of Unit IGC1 and IGC2 assessments are unchanged and school-age childs sitting examinations between 1 January 2012 and 31 December 2012 will be assessed on content parkland to both the International General Certificate (2007 specification) and the International General Certificate (2011 specification) syllabuses. Examinations will not imply revised syllabus content until 1 January 2013.The main change to the assessment is to Unit IGC3 International health and safety practical application which will be carried out in the students piece of work from 1 January 2012. The assessment criteria and mark scheme for Unit IGC3 has been revised to the Int ernational General Certificate 2011 specification. Revised guidance for Unit IGC3 is available on the NEBOSH website www.nebosh.org.uk.This guidance must be read by the student and applied thoroughly as it will be the students responsibility to ensure the practical application is carried out in accordance with NEBOSH requirements.The NEBOSH International General Certificate in Occupational Health and Safety is a globally recognised qualification offered by an established independent UK examination control panel with over 30 years experience in providing health and safety awards in the UK and across the world including the oculus East, the West Indies and South East Asia.The NEBOSH International General Certificate (IGC) covers the principles relating to health and safety, identification and control of workplace hazards and the practical application of this knowledge. The IGC syllabus takes a risk management approach based on scoop practice and international standards, such as the International Labour Organisation (ILO) codes of practice. Local laws and cultural factors may form part of the study programme where relevant and appropriate.No previous health and safety knowledge is required. up to now it should be noted that the examination is offered, and must be answered, in English, and that the course includes a requirement to redeem a short report, which must also be in English.NEBOSH recommends that candidates undertaking the NEBOSH International General Certificate should reach the equivalent of a scoring of 6.0 or higher under the International English expression Testing System (IELTS).The qualification is divided into three units, each of which is assessed separatelyManagement of international health and safety (IGC1) Control of international workplace hazards (IGC2) International health and safety practical application (IGC3

Americans health

Ameri whoremasters atomic payoff 18 becoming more inte sticked with their substantiallyness than incessantly before. This included regular exercise and as easily as the flavour of their diet. This has become a current phenomenon in the last few decades which the the Statesn public has yet to see before. Another new-fashioned development in the ways in which Americans regard the quality of their diet, is in the quality of the provenders that they eat.The push now is for organic foods from livestock which were treated kind-heartedely. The barb of endocrines into our nations intimidates, many another(prenominal) can say is an example of abuse towards the animals.This may or may not be true. However, endocrine injection does offer a myriad of health problems which has cause the European Union as well(p) as the nation of Japan, to be very reluctant in accepting bitch imports from the United States in recent categorys. This has resulted in trade disputes and a siz f it trade deficit between America and these 2 g all overning bodies. However, it is in the opinion of the EU, Japan and a sizable percentage of the American people, who be get into of scientifically altering ones cows in the face of higher(prenominal) profits.What makes internal secretion injections even more dangerous is the long lasting half disembodied spirit story of the hormone injections which the cows argon pressure to inject into their body. The hormones do not leave the cattle when it is slaughtered. This just brings enough danger to the safety of the total but the hormones hap to exist in the waste of the cow as well as in the sweat secretions of the cattle as well. This allows a further spread of the hormone and so multiplies and creates surroundingsal as well as health affects which have yet recently been addressed through the demands of a concerned public.However, in the face of such(prenominal) concerns, the beef fabrication will not be compelled to ma ke the essential changes unless forced to do so by Congress as there is patently too oft currency to be made in the eyes of the owners. Since the 1970s, our nations cattle have been injected with evolution hormones for the simple reason that such practices award more profit for the owner. The cow grows self-aggrandizingr than the cattle ever would have on his own and does so at a smart footfall.This allows the cattle rancher to slaughter the cattle which will yield a larger supplying of beef and at a faster pace thus decreasing the measure, cost and effort that the cattle owner would otherwise have to spend on the returning and housing of the cattle. It is a win/win situation for the cattle owner and as a result, a high majority of the more than 33 million cattle which argon slaughtered each year for the human consumption of their bone marrow have indoors their systems, beef place growing hormones. It seems surprising that such a wide spread practice would not have re ceived more attention that it has in the recent past.Except for the high profile libel campaign by the cattle owners of America against Oprah Winfrey who raised suspicion well-nigh the safety of the beef industry in America back in 2002 a libel suit which was eventually thrown out, there has been little concern by the American public as a whole, concerning the assumed damage which beef hormones cause in our nations cattle. This high level of im pass byivity seems to now be a thing of the past as the chassis of concerned Americans grows exponentially. On January 1, 1989, the European community, now called the European Union, placed a banishment on American beef imports where proceeds hormones were used.By the new-made 1980s, this would constitute a very large percentage of Americas beef supply and a blow was sent to Americas beef industry. However much this decision riled the beef industry in America, such decisions were not without reason. Europe had become fearful of the pro ceeds hormone, diethylstilbestrol, the hormone used in making cattle grow past their normal size, since the 1980s. This hormone was also seen in botch foods and there were more than a number of tragic cases in which small children were subject to brain defects from the injection of their baby food.It was because of growing fears against the hormone, as well as actual cases of Europeans that had gotten sick, that the ban was put in place. The ban was not ge atomic number 18d wholly towards American but all countries in the globe where Europe got their meat from. The ban was widespread and universal. Europe then, as well as now, has expressed their overwhelming preference for hormone free meat. Other countries have complied with the wish but America still continues to treat a large majority of its cattle with growth hormone in the desire to increase profits.These decisions are contrary to what the federal official Food and drug Administration, in alliance with the US Department of Agriculture, have decided that beef that are treated with this hormone create no danger in those that eat it. This may be from the motivation of profits more than the safety of the cattle as well as the people who eat it. cattle which are treated with this growth hormone, can expect to reach its targeted weight of 1,000 lbs 21 days quite than cattle which are not treated with the hormone. Also, the comparatively low cost of the hormone treatment $1 per implant, yields a cost of more than $100 a head.This is sought in what is often times, a relatively unstable industry. There is a great deal of money to be made or bemused with this decision and the United States has continued to fight the decisions by the EU and Japan over what they see to be blatant examples of unfair trade practices. The United States points to a 1988 report by the World Health presidency which states that human consumption of the growth hormone when it stays below 1. 4 and 2. 1 micro kilograms provides no sa fety scare for the people who consume the meat.What was not shown by the United States was the fact that in the more or less twenty years since this report was published, the among of growth hormones which are injected into the cattle now exceed these paltry amounts as in America, the belief seems to be more is better. Cattle are getting larger and larger any(prenominal) few years. The reason for this is overwhelm from growth hormones as the improved quality of the foods which the cattle now feed on, would never be able to yield such dramatic results as what is currently being seen in Americas cattle.Specifically, growth hormones have been thought to create the most damage in women and in small girls. Cancer can develop in the breasts as well as colon and pancreas. Also, the growth hormone can cause girls to reach puberty at a faster clip than what is natural. This is a key theme to the growth hormone as it speeds up the natural processes of the body and wreaks havoc on the inte rnal organs of those who are treated with the hormone. It is mootd that the levels of growth hormone which the cattle injects, does not completely pass from the meet to the individual and that the hormone is not meant for direct human consumption.What serves as the most dangerous prognosis of this, are the occurrences when the hormone is not kept in the strict surround in which it was designed. When the growth hormone passes at a higher concent regularised level than what is advised, either through human error, the beef industry being ignorant as to the modes of transportation that the hormone can take, or in the differences in the rate at which the cattle injects the hormone, adverse replyions will and have occurred.There are more than just the immediate health concerns which need to be examined. The strong half life of these hormones add to the environsal concerns which now need to be addressed, A large portion of the hormone passes through the feces of the cow and ends up in the environment and through the normal ecological system, can easily end up in other foods as well as the insobrietying water of the public. This could create a very large problem, not only for the cattle but also those who have the misfortune of consuming the water.It has been reported that cattle that have drunk downstream from cattle that have been treated with growth hormone have been underweight and have been personal to a high level of health concerns and problems. In Central Illinois, this occurred but was not caught in time by the cattle rancher at the time. The cow was slaughtered with a high level of growth hormone indoors his body and the meat, officials now gestate, was highly tainted and not only posed a serious scourge to those who ate the meat, but in reality, caused a number of very sick individuals who took weeks to recover from their ailments.As it is very dense to pinpoint where the beef went, the FDA was able to nearly pinpoint where the beef was consumed and can only point out that such a high level of coincidence is not plausible. It is the mismanagement of this hormone which is creating concern in many of the countrys scientists and environmentalists. We said that we would not be surprised if large levels of these hormones showed up in the nations drinking supply. This, according to John McClain, director for the Centers of Biological Research states recently.Dr. McClain also states that he estimates that more than thirteen tons of the hormone DES is released into the nations drinking water every year. Not only does he state that such amounts will create an adverse living environment among the wildlife in the area, but for the people as well who have the misfortune of consuming the water as well. The concerns continue to mount as the United States and Canada stubbornly insist that there is no reason for alarm clock and that their cattle will continue to be fed this growth hormone.Scientists for the beef industry continue to sho ot that either the demo is inconclusive or that no danger is presented to the general population as the levels of hormone which s used to treat the cattle is so minute as never to be able to cause harm of any kind. The growth hormone which is used to treat our nations cattle, poses no threat to the environment or the people whom it comes in contact with. Our nations beef supply is safe to eat. Although not to the same degree, such statements are reminiscent to the tobaccos responses in the 1970s and 1980s concerning the growing concern over the safety of smoking cigarettes.Such statements were accepted by the general public when there did not exist, enough evidence to refute such statements but when it became clear that smoking caused genus Cancer and other such diseases, such statements were no longer accepted. Many in the scientific community believe that the beef industry is going to suffer a similar fate if they continue to refute the concerns of the scientific community over the human consumption and environmental reactions when coming in contact with these growth hormones.Another concern is the safety of the draw which comes directly from cattle many of whom are being treated with the growth hormone. A larger cow will create a higher yield of milk for its owner thus increasing profits. The growth hormone BHG is often used to increase milk production in cows. However, the FDAs decision in 1993 to allow for the treatment of cows with this hormone is outdated. This is a common theme which can be seen in much of the American research concerning the safety of growth hormones.The scientific research, or simply an expression of concern within the European Union, is relatively recent whereas the American research community is not being allowed to conduct the proper number of tests on the effects of the growth hormone. Either that or their findings are being refuted. There have been a number of concerns by large bodies of farmers and cattle growers in such si tuations. In 1994, the Wisconsin Farmers Union started a national hotline for concerned dairy farmers who were concerned over the quality of their milk from cows who had been subjected to the growth hormone.One refreshed York dairy farmer was forced to replace 135 out of his inbuilt herd of 200 cows because the growth hormone that he fed his cows, produced milk that was tainted. The growth hormone also led to hoof disease as well as open sores and eternal expel on more than a few of his cows. This should lead to a third tier of concern over the treatment of cattle with the growth hormone. Not only does the hormone present dangers to the population which consumes the meat and the environment which absorbs the waste products of the cattle, but the cattle itself.In the same way that steroids and other human growth hormones present stronger and faster athletes, only to yield a number of health concerns in the future, so too is the reaction of cattle who are subjective to the hormone. Usually, this is not a problem for cattle which is to be slaughtered by the end of the calendar month as the hormone usually is not given over enough time to cause damage in the cattle. However, cows which are used in general for the milk that they give and thus are allowed to live, this increases the chances that adverse reactions within the cow will show itself within the cow.This is to be expected as the growth hormones which are given to cows, creates an unnatural environment for the cow and as a result, the animal will often times react adversely and diseases will spread. Also, cows who are forced to yield an unnatural amount of milk a level which their bodies were not meant to provide, often times leaves the cow malnourished and sickly from an over stimulation of the cows body. This will lead to a shorter life span for these cows which are used to yield milk to its owner.A burn out effect for the cow will follow and whether the meat is fit for human consumption or not, the cow will simply be destroyed as his useful life on earth has been prematurely cut short through science and in the face of higher profits. Despite the evidence that the treatment of growth hormones creates in cows and in the people who eat and drink the milk and meat which these cattle provide, the FDA and other government sponsored scientific communities have stubbornly insisted that there is no adverse reactions on any level, to the consuming of the byproducts of cattle that have been previously treated with this growth hormone.Not only would the FDA be reluctant to place any restrictions or at least warning labels on such beef, they prohibited dairies from making such claims on their own products or in the press. There seemed to be a moratorium on the issue. However, the dates which these FDA rulings are more than ten years in the past as there has been a severe shortage of current government supported evidence from the United States to show to findings to the claims that growth hormones in our nations beef supply, results in the negative health effects which the rest of the developed world believes to be the case.The common use of growth hormones has resulted in a number of differences. According to Science News, more than 80% of US feedlots inject cattle with growth hormones and that traces of the growth hormone were still seen in the normal cow, more than 195 days after the initial treatment. This is important especially with cows which are used primarily for milk as the cows milk supply can be tainted for more than six months from a single treatment. Also, in what seems to be the reason behind the treatment of cows with growth hormones in 1950, the typical cow produced more than 5300 pounds of milk a year.Today, a cow which has been treated with growth hormones, can expect to yield an amazing 18,000 pounds of milk a year. However, what advantages are given when many believe that this milk is tainted? This only increased the chances that the American c onsumer will be adversely affected by drinking what the FDS tells him to be safe and good for the body. There is a major difference in the FDA and farmings take on the apparent health concerns over the treatment of the nations cattle being subjected to growth hormones in tack together to increase production of their meat and milk, as opposed to what the rest of the world is stating.This is a problem which must be addressed. There is a great deal of money to be made or lost as well as the inviolate way of life for thousands of the nations cattle ranchers and others who are involved in getting the meat to our tables. This comes from the sheer number of tons of beef which Americans consume on a yearly basis as well as the fact that the alternative which is offered in our nations supermarkets, often times costs more than twice the price of beef which has been subjected with growth hormones.Coupled with this fact, the claims made by the Food and Drug Administration which states that the consumption of growth hormones is safe many people will believe this to be the case and will blindly continue their previous eating habits with no concern for what the rest of the world claims to be the dangers of eating such meats. The evidence which the FDA and other government sponsored organizations are more than ten years old and in some cases, are reaching twenty years old whereas the scientific research which has compelled the European Union as well as Japan to implement bans on the trade of US beef, is much more recent.This fact alone should at least compel Americans to ask the question How safe is the meat and milk which comes from cows who are treated with growth hormones. There is a push for more organic foods as well since many believe that the injection of hormones in not only beef but also our nations fruits and vegetables in order to grow gigantic and unnatural tomatoes and potatoes, can only create further health concerns as it is believed that the consumer is c onsuming a higher percentage of chemicals and hormones than the natural elements of these fruits and vegetables which people seek to help them exert a healthy lifestyle.Growth hormones affect our nations beef supply in a number of different ways. First, it affects the life and health of the cow, affects the environment and the wildlife and fish through the fact that the hormone can be introduced to the environment though the feces of the animal as well as the resilient characteristics of the hormone itself, as well as affect the milk which the cow yields to the American public. As a result, major government activity bodies in the world have placed a ban on beef, not only from America but in numerous parts of the world, where the cattle have been subject to growth hormones.It would behoove the entire American public to stress the importance of up to date scientific research in order to conclude that measures need to be put in place which will forever ensure that the food which we e at, is safe safe not only for us but for the environment. WORKS CITED Carlson, Laurie An Informal Social History. New York Ivan Dee Publisher 2001 Meinkle, James Beef Hormones Contributes to Mad Cow Disease London The Guardian July 5, 1998Narlikar, Armita The World share Organization London Oxford 2005 Nelson, Gerald Genetically Modified Organisms in Agriculture New York Academic Press. 2004 Naloff, Janet. Hormones Heres the Beef www. sciencenews. org Downloaded July 28, 2007 Penske, James. Beef Hormones Believed to Contribute to Health Concerns Charleston Times Courier June 8, 2005 www. FDA. gov United States Food and Drug Administration Downloaded July 27, 2007 www. USDA. gov United States Department of Agriculture